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Puppet state

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-pol"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the Politics series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Basic forms of <a href="Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

<a href="List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> (<a href="Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li>

<li><a href="Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li>

<li><a href="Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> (rule by few)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Broligarchy" title="Broligarchy">Broligarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> (<a href="Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a>

<ul><li><a href="Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> (rule by none)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li>

<li><a href="Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul>

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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> (socio-political ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> (socio-economic ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a>

<ul><li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li>

<li><a href="State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> (geo-cultural ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">National government</a></li>

<li><a href="World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li>

<li><a href="Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li>

<li><a href="Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></li>

<li><a href="Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li>

<li><a href="Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li>

<li><a href="Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li>

<li><a href="Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li>

<li><a href="Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li>

<li><a href="Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li>

<li><a href="Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a>

<ul><li><a href="Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

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<a href="Portal%3APolitics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government<a href="#cite_note-Shuster-1">[1]</a> is a <a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> that is <a href="De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> independent but <a href="De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> completely dependent upon an outside <a href="Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">power</a> and subject to its orders.<a href="#cite_note-Marek-2">[2]</a> Puppet states have nominal <a href="Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereignty</a>, except that a foreign power effectively exercises control through economic or military support.<a href="#cite_note-McNeely1995-3">[3]</a> By leaving a local government in existence the outside power evades all responsibility, while at the same time successfully paralysing the local government they tolerate.<a href="#cite_note-Shuster-1">[1]</a>

Puppet states differ from <a href="Alliance" title="Alliance">allies</a>, who choose their actions of their own initiative or in accordance with <a href="Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> they have voluntarily entered. Puppet states are forced into <a href="Rubber_stamp_(politics)" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">legally endorsing</a> actions already taken by a foreign power.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

Puppet states are "endowed with the outward symbols of authority",<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> such as a name, <a href="National_flag" title="National flag">flag</a>, <a href="Anthem" title="Anthem">anthem</a>, <a href="Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, <a href="Code_of_law" title="Code of law">law codes</a>, <a href="Motto" title="Motto">motto</a>, and government, but in reality, are appendages of another state which creates,<a href="#cite_note-Raic2002-5">[5]</a> sponsors or otherwise controls the puppet government. <a href="International_law" title="International law">International law</a> does not recognise <a href="Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupied</a> puppet states as <a href="Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lemkin2008-6">[6]</a>

Puppet states can cease to be puppets through:

<ul><li>military defeat of the "master" state (as in <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> in 1945),</li>

<li>absorption into the master state (as in the early <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>),</li>

<li>achievement of independence</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

The term is a metaphor which compares a state or government to a <a href="Puppet" title="Puppet">puppet</a> controlled by a <a href="Puppeteer" title="Puppeteer">puppeteer</a> with strings.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The first recorded use of the term "puppet government" was in 1884, in reference to the <a href="Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-etymoline-8">[8]</a>

In the <a href="Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal states</a> existed based on delegation of the rule of a country by a king to noble men of lower rank. Since the <a href="Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> of 1648, the concept of a nation came into existence where <a href="Westphalian_system" title="Westphalian system">sovereignty</a> was connected more to the people who inhabited the land than to the nobility who owned the land.

An earlier similar concept is <a href="Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, the control of the external affairs of one state by another.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nineteenth-century_examples">Nineteenth-century examples</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_clients">French revolutionary and Napoleonic clients</h3></div>

The <a href="Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> was established in the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> under French revolutionary protection.

In Italy, the <a href="French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> encouraged a proliferation of small republics in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, known as <a href="Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">sister republics</a>.

In Eastern Europe, <a href="Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> established the Polish client state of the <a href="Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3></div>

In 1896, Britain <a href="Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">established</a> a <a href="Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">state</a> in <a href="Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_twentieth-century_examples">Early twentieth-century examples</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">List of World War I puppet states</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Established_by_the_German_Empire">Established by the German Empire</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland</a> (1917–1918) – The <a href="Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>' forces occupied <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> <a href="Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> in 1915 and in 1916, <a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> created a Polish monarchy to exploit the occupied territories in an easier way and mobilise the Poles against the Russians (see <a href="Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legions</a>). In 1918 the state became independent and formed the backbone of the new internationally recognised <a href="Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>.</li>

<li> <a href="Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Kingdom of Lithuania</a> (1918) – After Russia's defeat and the territorial cessions of the 1918 <a href="Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, the Germans established a Lithuanian kingdom. However, it became <a href="Republic_of_Lithuania_(1918-1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Lithuania (1918-1940)">an independent republic</a> with Germany's defeat.</li>

<li> <a href="Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a> (1918) – In 1915, German forces occupied the Russian <a href="Courland_Governorate" title="Courland Governorate">Courland Governorate</a> and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended the <a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">war in the east</a>, so the local ethnic <a href="Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a> established a duchy under the German crown in that part of <a href="Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a>, with a common return of civil administration in favour of the military. This state was swiftly merged with the Baltic State Duchy and the German-occupied territories of the Russian Empire in Livonia and Estonia, into a multi-ethnic <a href="United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_others">By others</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Provisional_National_Government_of_the_Southwestern_Caucasus" title="Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus">Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus</a> and <a href="Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace" title="Provisional Government of Western Thrace">Provisional Government of Western Thrace</a> were provisional republics established by the Turkish minorities of Thrace and Caucasia after the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> lost its lands in these regions. Both were the products of the Ottoman Intelligence agency, <a href="Special_Organization_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)">Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa</a>, in terms of organisational structure and organisers, and they had remarkably common features.<a href="#cite_note-Sirin-10">[10]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Donetsk%E2%80%93Krivoy_Rog_Soviet_Republic" title="Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic">Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Republic</a> (1918) – The state, remotely controlled by the <a href="Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-11">[11]</a> was founded by <a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s close friend <a href="Fyodor_Sergeyev" title="Fyodor Sergeyev">Fyodor Sergeyev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rbth-12">[12]</a> However, the DKRR was disliked by <a href="Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>. The capital of the republic was soon overthrown by the Germans again, and after the Soviet <a href="Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> regained control of the territory, the country was dissolved at Lenin's request.</li>

<li> <a href="Republic_of_Central_Lithuania" title="Republic of Central Lithuania">Republic of Central Lithuania</a> (1920–1922) – Dependent and fully incorporated by the Second Polish Republic in 1922.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_Japan">Imperial Japan</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis powers of World War II</a>, <a href="Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">Collaboration with Imperial Japan</a>, and <a href="List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">List of World War II puppet states</a></div>

During <a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan's imperial period</a>, and particularly during the <a href="Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> (parts of which are considered the Pacific theatre of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>), the Imperial Japanese government established a number of dependent states.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nominally_sovereign_states">Nominally sovereign states</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind"></a> <a href="Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a> (1943–1945), officially known as Provisional Government of Free India – established by Indian nationalists in <a href="Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a> in October 1943 by <a href="Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> and was in charge of Indian expatriates and military personnel in Japanese Southeast Asia. It had nominal sovereignty over Axis controlled Indian territories and would enjoy the prospective control of Indian territory to be captured in a <a href="Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">future invasion</a> of British India. Of the territory of post-independence India, the government took charge of <a href="Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a> (after it fell to the Japanese-INA offensive), parts of <a href="Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> that fell to both the <a href="Fifteenth_Army_(Japan)" title="Fifteenth Army (Japan)">Japanese 15th Army</a> and the INA, and the <a href="Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>. The government had diplomatic relationships with eleven countries including Germany, Italy, Japan, Philippines, and the Soviet Union. It was headed by Subhas Chandra Bose, who was the Head of the State and Prime Minister, who was also the Supreme Commander of the <a href="Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>. The government had its own cabinet and banks.</li>

<li><a href="State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma"></a> <a href="State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a> (1942–1945) – Head of State: <a href="Ba_Maw" title="Ba Maw">Ba Maw</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic"></a> <a href="Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a> (1943–1945) – Headed by <a href="Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a> as <a href="President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li>

<li> <a href="Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> (1945) – Emperor <a href="B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a>'s regime with <a href="Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim" title="Trần Trọng Kim">Trần Trọng Kim</a> as Prime Minister after proclaiming independence from France</li>

<li> <a href="Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)</a> – King <a href="Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>'s regime with <a href="Son_Ngoc_Thanh" title="Son Ngoc Thanh">Son Ngoc Thanh</a> as Prime Minister after proclaiming independence from France</li>

<li> <a href="Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Kingdom of Luang Prabang</a> (1945) – King <a href="Sisavang_Vong" title="Sisavang Vong">Sisavang Vong</a>'s regime with Prince <a href="Phetsarath_Ratanavongsa" title="Phetsarath Ratanavongsa">Phetsarath</a> as Prime Minister after proclaiming independence from France</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_China">In China</h5></div>

<ul><li><a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo"></a> <a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (1932–1945) – Set up in <a href="Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> under the leadership of the last <a href="Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Chinese Emperor</a>, <a href="Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li>

<li> <a href="North_Shanxi_Autonomous_Government" title="North Shanxi Autonomous Government">North Shanxi Autonomous Government</a> (1937–1939) – Formed in northern Shanxi with its capital at <a href="Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a> on October 15, 1937. The state was then merged into Mengjiang along with the South Chahar Autonomous Government and the <a href="Mongol_United_Autonomous_Government" title="Mongol United Autonomous Government">Mongol United Autonomous Government</a>.</li>

<li> <a href="South_Chahar_Autonomous_Government" title="South Chahar Autonomous Government">South Chahar Autonomous Government</a> (1937–1939) – Formed in South Chahar with its capital at Kalgan (modern day <a href="Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a>) on September 4, 1937. The state was merged with the North Shanxi Autonomous Government as well as the Mongol United Autonomous Government to create Mengjiang.</li>

<li> Mongol Military Government (1936–1937) and Mongol United Autonomous Government (1937–1939) – Established in Inner Mongolia as puppet states with local collaborators. This state formed the large basis of what was to become Mengjiang.</li>

<li><a href="Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang"></a> <a href="Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> (1936–1945) – Set up in <a href="Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> on May 12, 1936, as the Mongol Military Government was renamed in October 1937 as the Mongol United Autonomous Government. On September 1, 1939, the predominantly <a href="Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> governments of the South Chahar and North Shanxi Autonomous Governments were merged with the Mongol Autonomous Government, creating the new Mengjiang United Autonomous Government. All of these were headed by <a href="Demchugdongrub" title="Demchugdongrub">De Wang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li>

<li> <a href="East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei Autonomous Council</a> (1935–1938) – A state in <a href="Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">northeast China</a></li>

<li> <a href="Great_Way_Government" title="Great Way Government">Great Way (Dadao) Government</a> (1937–1938) – A short-lived regime based in <a href="Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. This provisional government was established as a preliminary collaboration state as the Japanese took control of all of Shanghai and advanced towards <a href="Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. This was then merged with the Reformed Government of China as well as the Provisional Government of China into the Reorganised Nationalist Government of the Republic of China under the leadership of <a href="Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>.</li>

<li> <a href="Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of the Republic of China</a> (1938–1940) – First regime established in Nanjing after the <a href="Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Battle of Nanjing</a>. Later fused into the Provisional Government of China</li>

<li> <a href="Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Government of China</a> (1937–1940) – Incorporated into the Nanjing Nationalist Government on March 30, 1940<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Reorganised Nationalist Government of the Republic of China</a> (1940–1945) – Established in Nanjing under the leadership of Wang Jingwei<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy">Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis powers of World War II</a> and <a href="Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</a></div>

Several European governments under the domination of <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a> during World War II have been described as "puppet régimes". The formal means of control in <a href="German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">occupied Europe</a> varied greatly. These states fall into several categories.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Existing_states_in_alliance_with_Germany_and_Italy">Existing states in alliance with Germany and Italy</h4></div>

<ul><li> Hungarian <a href="Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Government of National Unity</a> (1944–1945) – The pro-Nazi regime of Prime Minister <a href="Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a> supported by the pro-German, antisemitic fascist <a href="Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a> was a German puppet regime. Szálasi was installed by the Germans after <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> launched <a href="Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Operation Panzerfaust</a> and had the Hungarian Regent, Admiral <a href="Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>, removed and placed under house arrest. Horthy was forced to abdicate in favor of Szálasi. Szálasi fought on even after <a href="Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest fell</a> and Hungary was completely overrun.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Existing_states_under_German_or_Italian_rule">Existing states under German or Italian rule</h4></div>

<ul><li> <a href="German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania under Nazi Germany</a> (1943–1944) – The Kingdom of Albania was an Italian <a href="Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> and puppet regime. Italy invaded Albania in 1939 and ended the rule of <a href="Zog_I_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zog I of Albania">King Zog I</a>. King <a href="Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a> added King of Albania to his titles and Zog was exiled. King Victor Emmanuel and <a href="Shefqet_V%C3%ABrlaci" title="Shefqet Vërlaci">Shefqet Bej Verlaci</a>, Albanian Prime Minister and Head of State, controlled the Italian protectorate. Verlaci was replaced by <a href="Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Mustafa Merlika Kruja</a> on December 3, 1941. The Germans occupied Albania when Italy exited the war in 1943 and <a href="Ibrahim_Bi%C3%A7ak%C3%A7iu" title="Ibrahim Biçakçiu">Ibrahim Bej Biçaku</a>, <a href="Mehdi_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mehdi Frashëri">Mehdi Bej Frashëri</a>, and <a href="Rexhep_Mitrovica" title="Rexhep Mitrovica">Rexhep Bej Mitrovica</a> became successive Prime Minister under the Nazis.</li>

<li> <a href="Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> (1940–1942/4) – The Vichy French regime of <a href="Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> had limited autonomy from 1940 to 1942, and depended heavily on Germany. The Vichy government controlled many of France's colonies and the <a href="Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">unoccupied part of France</a> and enjoyed international recognition. In 1942, the Germans occupied the portion of France administered by the Vichy government in <a href="Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Case Anton</a> and installed a new leadership under <a href="Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a>, ending much of Vichy France's international legitimacy.</li>

<li><a href="Monaco" title="Monaco"></a> <a href="Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> (<a href="Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">1942–1944</a>) – In 1943, the <a href="Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Italian Army</a> invaded and occupied Monaco, setting up a fascist administration. Shortly thereafter, following <a href="Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s deposal in Italy, the <a href="German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army</a> occupied Monaco and began deporting the Jewish population. Among them was <a href="Ren%C3%A9_Blum_(impresario)" title="René Blum (impresario)">René Blum</a>, founder of Monaco's Ballet de l'Opera, who died in a Nazi extermination camp.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_states_formed_to_reflect_national_aspirations">New states formed to reflect national aspirations</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)"></a> <a href="Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a> under the <a href="Slovak_People's_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a> (1939–1945) – The Slovak Republic was a German <a href="Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>. The Slovak People's Party was a <a href="Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">clerofascist</a> <a href="Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> movement associated with the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. <a href="Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a> <a href="Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a> became president in a nominally independent Slovakia.</li>

<li><a href="Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia"></a> <a href="Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945) – The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska or NDH) was a German and Italian puppet regime. On paper, the NDH was a kingdom under King <a href="Prince_Aimone%2C_Duke_of_Aosta" title="Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta">Tomislav II</a> (Aimone, Duke of Spoleto) of the <a href="House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> but Tomislav II was only a figurehead in Croatia who never exercised any real power, with <a href="Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a> a somewhat independent leader (<a href="Poglavnik" title="Poglavnik">Poglavnik</a>), though staying obedient to Rome and Berlin.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States_and_governments_under_the_control_of_Germany_and_Italy">States and governments under the control of Germany and Italy</h4></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Hellenic State</a> (1941–1944) – The Hellenic State administration of <a href="Georgios_Tsolakoglou" title="Georgios Tsolakoglou">Georgios Tsolakoglou</a>, <a href="Konstantinos_Logothetopoulos" title="Konstantinos Logothetopoulos">Konstantinos Logothetopoulos</a>, and <a href="Ioannis_Rallis" title="Ioannis Rallis">Ioannis Rallis</a> was a "collaborationist" puppet government<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> during the <a href="Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation of Greece</a>. Germany, Italy, and <a href="Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> occupied different portions of Greece at different times during these regimes.</li>

<li> <a href="Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Government of National Salvation</a> (1941–1944) – The government of General <a href="Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a> and sometimes known as Nedić's Serbia was a German puppet regime operating in the <a href="Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> during the <a href="Axis_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Axis occupation of Serbia">Axis occupation of Serbia</a>.</li>

<li> <a href="Lokot_Autonomy" title="Lokot Autonomy">Lokot Republic</a> (1941–1943) – The Lokot Republic under <a href="Konstantin_Voskoboinik" title="Konstantin Voskoboinik">Konstantin Voskoboinik</a> and <a href="Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Bronislav Kaminski</a> was a semi-autonomous region in Nazi-occupied Russia under a collaborationist administration. The republic covered the area of several <a href="Raion" title="Raion">raions</a> of <a href="Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol</a> and <a href="Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk Oblasts</a>. It was directly associated with the Russian Liberation People's Army (Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya or RONA), known as the <a href="Kaminski_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaminski Brigade">Kaminski Brigade</a>.</li>

<li> <a href="Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norwegian National government</a> (1942–1945) – The <a href="German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany</a> started with all authority held by German Reich Commissioner (<a href="Reichskommissar" title="Reichskommissar">Reichskommissar</a>) <a href="Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Josef Terboven</a>, who exercised this through the <a href="Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat Norwegen</a>. The Norwegian pro-German fascist <a href="Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a> attempted a coup d'état against the Norwegian government during the <a href="Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">German invasion</a> on 9 April 1940, but was not appointed by the Germans to head another native government until 1 February 1942.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_Social_Republic">Italian Social Republic</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic"></a> <a href="Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945, known also as the Republic of Salò) – General <a href="Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> and King Victor Emmanuel III withdrew Italy from the <a href="Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> and moved the government to <a href="Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, already controlled by the <a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. In response, the Germans occupied <a href="Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and founded the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI) with Benito Mussolini as its "Head of State" and "Minister of Foreign Affairs". While the RSI government had some trappings of an independent state, it was completely dependent both economically and politically on Germany.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_examples_during_and_after_World_War_II">British examples during and after World War II</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> and <a href="List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">List of World War II puppet states</a></div>

The Axis demand for oil and the concern of the Allies that Germany would look to the oil-rich Middle East for a solution, caused the invasion of Iraq by the United Kingdom and the <a href="Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">invasion of Iran</a> by the UK and the Soviet Union. Pro-Axis governments in both Iraq and Iran were removed and replaced with Allied-dominated governments.

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq"></a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> (1941–1947) – Iraq was important to the United Kingdom because of its position on the route to India. Iraq also could provide strategic oil reserves. But due to the UK's weakness early in the war, Iraq backed away from the pre-war <a href="Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty_of_1930" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930">Anglo-Iraqi Alliance</a>. On 1 April 1941, the <a href="Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite</a> monarchy in Iraq was overthrown by a <a href="1941_Iraqi_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">pro-German coup d'état</a> under <a href="Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">Rashid Ali</a>. The Rashid Ali regime began negotiations with the <a href="Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> and military aid was quickly sent to <a href="Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> via Vichy French-controlled Syria. The Germans provided a squadron of twin-engine fighters and a squadron of medium bombers. The Italians provided a squadron of biplane fighters. In mid-April 1941, a brigade of the <a href="10th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Indian Infantry Division">10th Indian Infantry Division</a> landed at <a href="Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> (Operation Sabine). On 30 April, British forces at <a href="RAF_Habbaniya" title="RAF Habbaniya">RAF Habbaniya</a> were besieged by a numerically inferior Iraqi force. On 2 May, the British launched pre-emptive airstrikes against the Iraqis and the <a href="Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a> began. By the end of May, the siege of RAF Habbaniya was lifted, <a href="Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a> was taken, <a href="Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> was surrounded by British forces, and the pro-German government of Rashid Ali collapsed. Rashid Ali and his supporters fled the country. The Hashemite monarchy under King <a href="Faisal_II_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal II of Iraq">Faisal II</a> was restored, and declared war on the Axis powers in January 1942. British and Commonwealth forces remained in Iraq until 26 October 1947.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Imperial State of Iran</a> (1941–1943) – German workers in Iran caused both the UK and the Soviet Union to question Iran's neutrality. In addition, Iran's geographical position was important to the Allies. As a result, the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (Operation Countenance) was launched in August 1941. The following month, <a href="Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a> was forced to abdicate his throne and went into exile. He was replaced by his son <a href="Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, who was willing to declare war on the Axis powers. By January 1942, the UK and the Soviet Union agreed to end their occupation of Iran six months after the end of the war.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_examples_after_1939">Soviet examples after 1939</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Soviet_satellite_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet satellite states">Soviet satellite states</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puppet_states_later_absorbed_into_the_Soviet_Union">Puppet states later absorbed into the Soviet Union</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Tuvan_People's_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic"></a> <a href="Tuvan_People's_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuvan People's Republic</a> (1921–1944) – Achieved independence from <a href="Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> by means of local nationalist revolutions only to come under the domination of the Soviet Union in the 1920s. In 1944, Tannu Tuva was absorbed into the USSR.</li>

<li> <a href="Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">Finnish Democratic Republic</a> (1939–1940) – The Finnish Democratic Republic was a short-lived republic in the parts of Finland that were occupied by the Soviet Union during the <a href="Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>. It was also known as the "Terijoki Government", as <a href="Zelenogorsk%2C_Saint_Petersburg" title="Zelenogorsk, Saint Petersburg">Terijoki</a> was the first town captured by the Soviets. The Finnish Democratic Republic was intended to govern Finland after Soviet conquest.<a href="#cite_note-Tannerv-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trotter-22">[22]</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic"></a> <a href="Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (1940) – In June 1940, the <a href="Republic_of_Latvia_(1918-1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Latvia (1918-1940)">Republic of Latvia</a> was occupied by the Soviet Union and in July a government proclaimed Soviet power.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-23">[23]</a> In August 1940, Latvia was illegally annexed by the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-malksoo-24">[24]</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic"></a> <a href="Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (1940) – In June 1940, the <a href="Republic_of_Lithuania_(1918-1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Lithuania (1918-1940)">Republic of Lithuania</a> was occupied by the Soviet Union and in July a government proclaimed Soviet power.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-23">[23]</a> In August 1940, Lithuania was illegally annexed by the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-malksoo-24">[24]</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic"></a> <a href="Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (1940) – In June 1940, the <a href="History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">Republic of Estonia</a> was occupied by the Soviet Union and in July a government proclaimed Soviet power.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In August 1940, Estonia was illegally annexed by the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-malksoo-24">[24]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_puppet_states_in_Central_Asia">Soviet puppet states in Central Asia</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Azerbaijan_People's_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a> (1945–1946) – A short-lived state in <a href="Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a> after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad"></a> <a href="Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> (1946–1947) – Officially known as the Republic of Kurdistan and established in several provinces of northwestern Iran, or what is known as <a href="Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a> and was a short-lived republic that sought Kurdish autonomy within the limits of the Iranian state. Iran retook control in December and the leaders of the state were executed in March 1947 in <a href="Mahabad" title="Mahabad">Mahabad</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_states_under_Soviet_influence">Other states under Soviet influence</h3></div>

<a href="Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> was a communist state closely linked to the Soviet Union, but Yugoslavia retained autonomy within its own borders. After the <a href="Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a> in 1948, the relationship between the two countries deteriorated significantly. Yugoslavia was expelled from the international organisations of the <a href="Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. After Stalin's death and a period of <a href="De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> by <a href="Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, peace was restored, but the relationship between the two countries was never completely mended. Yugoslavia continued to pursue independent policies and became the founding member of the <a href="Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.

The Soviet Union continued to exert some influence over the <a href="China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> before the <a href="Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> in 1961.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_before_and_during_decolonisation">Examples before and during decolonisation</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a></div>

In some cases, the process of <a href="Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonisation</a> has been managed by the decolonising power to create a <a href="Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neo-colony</a>, that is a nominally independent state whose economy and politics permits continued foreign domination. Neo-colonies are not normally considered puppet states.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_East_Indies">Dutch East Indies</h3></div>

The <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> formed several puppet states in the former <a href="Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> as part of its effort to quell the <a href="Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>.

<ul><li> <a href="State_of_East_Indonesia" title="State of East Indonesia">East Indonesia</a></li>

<li> <a href="State_of_East_Sumatra" title="State of East Sumatra">East Sumatra</a></li>

<li> <a href="State_of_Madura" title="State of Madura">Madura</a></li>

<li> <a href="State_of_Pasundan" title="State of Pasundan">Pasundan</a></li>

<li> <a href="State_of_South_Sumatra" title="State of South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></li>

<li> <a href="Banjar_Region" title="Banjar Region">Banjar</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Bangka Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Belitung" title="Belitung">Biliton</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li>

<li> <a href="Great_Dayak" title="Great Dayak">Great Dayak</a></li>

<li><a href="Southeast_Borneo_Federation" title="Southeast Borneo Federation">Southeast Borneo Federation</a></li>

<li> <a href="Pontianak_Sultanate" title="Pontianak Sultanate">West Kalimantan</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congo_crisis">Congo crisis</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="King_Leopold_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Leopold II">King Leopold II</a>, <a href="Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, and <a href="Blood_diamond" title="Blood diamond">Blood diamond</a></div>

Following the <a href="Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>'s independence as <a href="Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo-Leopoldville</a> in 1960, Belgian interests supported the short-lived breakaway <a href="State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a> (1960–1963).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Timor">East Timor</h3></div>

<a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> established a <a href="Provisional_Government_of_East_Timor" title="Provisional Government of East Timor">Provisional Government of East Timor</a> following its <a href="Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion of East Timor</a> in December 1975.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa's_Bantustans">South Africa's Bantustans</h3></div>

During the 1970s and 1980s, four ethnic <a href="Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a> - some of which were extremely <a href="Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">fragmented</a> - called "homelands" by the government of the time, were carved out of <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and given nominal <a href="Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. Mostly <a href="Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa people</a> resided in the <a href="Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> and <a href="Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a>, <a href="Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana people</a> in <a href="Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a>, and <a href="Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda people</a> in the <a href="Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

The principal purpose of these states was to remove South African citizenship from the Xhosa, Tswana, and Venda peoples, and so provide grounds for denying them their democratic rights. All four Bantustans were reincorporated into a democratic South Africa on 27 April 1994, under a <a href="Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">new constitution</a>.

The South African authorities established ten Bantustans in <a href="South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a> (present-day <a href="Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>), then <a href="United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_264" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 264">illegally occupied</a> by South Africa, in the late 1960s and early 1970s in accordance with the <a href="Fox_Odendaal" title="Fox Odendaal">Odendaal Commission</a>. Three of them were granted self-rule. These Bantustans were replaced with separate ethnicity-based governments in 1980.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Cold_War_examples">Post-Cold War examples</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Kuwait">Republic of Kuwait</h3></div>

The <a href="Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Republic of Kuwait</a> was a short-lived pro-Iraqi state in the Persian Gulf that only existed three weeks before <a href="Kuwait_Governorate" title="Kuwait Governorate">it was annexed by Iraq</a> in 1990.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Serb_Autonomous_Regions" title="Serb Autonomous Regions">Serb Autonomous Regions</a>; <a href="Eastern_Slavonia%2C_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)">Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)</a>; <a href="Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)">Republika Srpska (1992–1995)</a>; and <a href="Dubrovnik_Republic_(1991)" title="Dubrovnik Republic (1991)">Dubrovnik Republic (1991)</a></div>

The <a href="Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> was a self-proclaimed territory <a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnically cleansed</a> by Serbian forces during the <a href="Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War</a> (1991–95). It was completely dependent on the Serbian regime of <a href="Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and was not recognised internationally.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_and_current_examples">Recent and current examples</h2></div>

Multiple often unrecognised states had been discribed or accused of being a puppet state of other countries.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a> – Many, including the <a href="Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> who now comprise the country's current government,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> considered the former Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to have been a U.S. puppet state.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic of Iraq</a> (<a href="Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">Interim Government</a> and <a href="Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a>) – Critics of the Iraqi Interim Government argued that it existed only at the pleasure of the United States and other coalition countries and considered it a U.S. puppet government.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> This criticism was also extended to politicians active within the Interim Government, with the media suggesting that <a href="Ayad_Allawi" title="Ayad Allawi">Ayad Allawi</a>, was Washington's puppet.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The CPA's economy was dominated by American influence. The CPA began to <a href="Economic_reform_of_Iraq" title="Economic reform of Iraq">dismantle Iraq's centrally planned economy</a>. <a href="Paul_Bremer" title="Paul Bremer">Paul Bremer</a>, chief executive of the CPA, planned to restructure Iraq's state owned economy with <a href="Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> thinking. Bremer dropped the <a href="Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">corporate tax</a> rate from around 45% to a <a href="Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat tax</a> rate of 15% and allowed foreign corporations to <a href="Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriate</a> all profits earned in Iraq. Opposition from senior Iraqi officials, together with the poor security situation, meant that Bremer's privatisation plan was not implemented during his tenure,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> though his orders remained in place. CPA Order 39 laid out the framework for full privatisation in Iraq and permitted 100% foreign ownership of Iraqi assets and strengthened the positions of foreign businesses and investors. Critics like <a href="Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> argued that CPA Order 39 was designed to create as favourable an environment for foreign investors as possible, which would allow U.S. corporations to dominate Iraq's economy.<a href="#cite_note-shock-39">[39]</a> Also controversial was <a href="Coalition_Provisional_Authority_Order_17" title="Coalition Provisional Authority Order 17">CPA Order 17</a> which granted all foreign contractors operating in Iraq <a href="Legal_immunity" title="Legal immunity">immunity</a> from "Iraqi <a href="Legal_process" title="Legal process">legal process</a>," effectively granting immunity from any kind of suit, civil or criminal, for actions the contractors engaged in within Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> CPA Order 49 also provided significant <a href="Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">tax cuts</a> for corporations operating within Iraq by reducing the rate from a maximum of 40% to a maximum of just 15% on income. Furthermore, corporations who collaborated with the CPA were <a href="Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">exempted</a> from having to pay any tax.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a> – A former self-declared independent state heavily populated by Armenians, it was internationally recognised as part of <a href="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. Russian peacekeepers controlled the <a href="Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a> that allowed traffic to reach Armenia, on which it was heavily dependent.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Wa_State" title="Wa State">Wa State</a> – The de facto independent <a href="Wa_State" title="Wa State">Wa State</a> in <a href="Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> is considered a puppet state linked to China.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> is considered a puppet state that is dependent on Russia.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Francis2011-47">[47]</a> The economy of Abkhazia is heavily integrated with Russia and uses the <a href="Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> as its currency. About half of Abkhazia's state budget is financed with aid money from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Most Abkhazians have <a href="Russian_passport" title="Russian passport">Russian passports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Russia maintains a 3,500-strong force in Abkhazia with its headquarters in <a href="Gudauta_District" title="Gudauta District">Gudauta</a>, a former Soviet military base on the <a href="Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and the borders of Abkhazia are protected by Russian paratroopers.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li>

<li> <a href="South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> has declared independence but its ability to maintain independence is solely based on Russian troops deployed on its territory. As South Ossetia is landlocked between Russia and <a href="Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, from which it seceded, it has relied on Russia for economic and logistical support, as all of its exports and imports and air and road traffic is only with Russia. Former President of South Ossetia <a href="Eduard_Kokoity" title="Eduard Kokoity">Eduard Kokoity</a> claimed he would like South Ossetia eventually to become a part of the Russian Federation through reunification with <a href="North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li>

<li>The <a href="Donetsk_People's_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> (DPR) and the <a href="Luhansk_People's_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a> (LPR) were self-proclaimed republics in eastern Ukraine following the fallout from the <a href="Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> protests and widely considered to be Russian puppet states.<a href="#cite_note-twickel-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-korotkyi-54">[54]</a> Russia <a href="Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk%2C_Kherson%2C_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine">annexed</a> the DPR and LPR on September 30, 2022, following the <a href="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.</li>

<li> <a href="Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, a conservative holdover of pro-Soviet forces from the <a href="Transnistria_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a>, is considered a puppet state sponsored by Russia.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> – According to the <a href="European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> remains the sole legitimate government in Cyprus, and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus should be considered as a puppet state under Turkish control.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Its isolation, <a href="Cyprus_Turkish_Peace_Force_Command" title="Cyprus Turkish Peace Force Command">Turkish military presence</a>, and heavy dependence on Turkish support mean that <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> has a high level of control over the country's decision-making processes. That has led to some experts stating that it runs as an effective puppet state of Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaczorowska-63">[63]</a> Other experts, however, have pointed out the independent nature of elections and appointments in Northern Cyprus and disputes between the Turkish Cypriot and Turkish governments and concluded that "puppet state" is not an accurate description for Northern Cyprus.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"></a> <a href="Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Syrian Interim Government</a> – Originally founded in 2013, before the <a href="Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a>, SIG became more dependent of Turkey in recent years and accused of being a puppet government<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> with their <a href="Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a> being described as "Turkish-backed",<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> as "funded by Turkey"<a href="#cite_note-GuardianSNA-68">[68]</a> or as "<a href="Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a>".<a href="#cite_note-SpiegelSNA-69">[69]</a> The SNA was also reported to have being used to support the <a href="Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">GNA</a> in the <a href="Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan Civil War</a><a href="#cite_note-GuardianSNA-68">[68]</a> and to support <a href="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> in the <a href="Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> by the <a href="Turkish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish government">Turkish government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SpiegelSNA-69">[69]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> – The Palestinian Authority, an autonomous administration which exercises partial civil control over the <a href="Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a> in the <a href="Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli-occupied West Bank</a>, was created in 1994 as a result of the <a href="Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>. It is widely viewed by Palestinians as subservient to <a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and the two have coordinated security.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Yemen">In Yemen</h3></div>

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</style><div class="legend">  <a href="Southern_Transitional_Council" title="Southern Transitional Council">Southern Transitional Council</a> supported by the UAE</div>

<div class="legend">  Internationally-recognized <a href="Cabinet_of_Yemen" title="Cabinet of Yemen">Government of Yemen</a> based in Saudi Arabia</div>

<div class="legend">  <a href="Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi</a>-led <a href="Supreme_Political_Council" title="Supreme Political Council">Supreme Political Council</a> supported by Iran</div>

<div class="legend">  <a href="Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a> and <a href="Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">AQ</a>-affiliated <a href="Ansar_al-Sharia_(Yemen)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)">Ansar al-Sharia</a></div></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> – The <a href="Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Houthi government</a> is considered by some<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> to be a puppet state which is supported by <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> – The <a href="Cabinet_of_Yemen" title="Cabinet of Yemen">Alimi government</a> is sometimes considered a puppet state which is supported by <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-74">[74]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h4></div>

<ul><li> <a href="Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> – The <a href="Southern_Transitional_Council" title="Southern Transitional Council">Southern Transitional Council</a> is sometimes considered a puppet state which is supported by the <a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Banana_republic" title="Banana republic">Banana republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></li>

<li><a href="Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li>

<li><a href="Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">Co-belligerence</a></li>

<li><a href="Failed_state" title="Failed state">Failed state</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">List of World War II puppet states</a></li>

<li><a href="Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li>

<li><a href="Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">Satrapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li>

<li><a href="Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li>

<li><a href="Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li>

<li><a href="Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMorgan_Shuster" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Morgan_Shuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Shuster">Morgan Shuster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magepublishers.com/the-strangling-of-persia-a-story-of-european-diplomacy-and-oriental-intrigue/">"The Strangling of Persia: A Story of European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue"</a>. p. 221 – via No Ruz in: Near East Journal, 21 March 1912.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Marek-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Marek_2-0">^</a> Compare: <cite id="CITEREFMarek1954" class="citation book cs1">Marek, Krystyna (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QaF7mnj9igkC">Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law</a>. Library Droz. p. 178. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9782600040440</bdi>. <q>[...] an allegedly independent, but 'actually' dependent, i.e. puppet State [...].</q></cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-McNeely1995-3"><a href="#cite_ref-McNeely1995_3-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcNeely1995" class="citation book cs1">McNeely, Connie L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constructingnati00mcne">Constructing the Nation-state: International Organization and Prescriptive Action</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constructingnati00mcne/page/61">61</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-313-29398-6</bdi>. Retrieved 13 September 2017. <q>The term 'puppet state' is used to describe nominal sovereigns under effective foreign control...</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/puppet%20government">Puppet government</a>, Merriam-Webster

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Raic2002-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Raic2002_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRaič2002" class="citation book cs1">Raič, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7UOyPGYBkwC&pg=PA81">Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination</a>. Kluwer Law International. p. 81. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-411-1890-X</bdi>. Retrieved 13 September 2017. <q>In most cases, puppet States are created by the occupant during occupation of a State, for the purpose of circumventing the former's international responsibility regarding the violation of the rights of the occupied State.</q></cite>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFLemkin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Lemkin, Raphaël</a> (2008) [1944]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C&pg=PA11">Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress</a>. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 11. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-58477-901-8</bdi>. Retrieved 30 June 2019. <q>The creation of puppet states or of puppet governments does not give them any special status under international law in the occupied territory. Therefore the puppet governments and puppet states have no greater rights in the occupied territory than the occupant himself. Their actions should be considered as actions of the occupant and hence subject to the limitations of the Hague Regulations.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShapiro2003" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Stephen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultrahushhushesp00step">Ultra Hush-hush</a>. Annick Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultrahushhushesp00step/page/38">38</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55037-778-7</bdi>. <q>Puppet state: a country whose government is being controlled by the government of another country, much as a puppeteer controls the strings on a marionette</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-etymoline-8"><a href="#cite_ref-etymoline_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=puppet&allowed_in_frame=0">"puppet (n.)"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 1 June 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStanley1989" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40869047">"The Adaptation of the Napoleonic Political Structure in the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1813)"</a>. Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes. 31 (2): 128–145. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.1989.11091911">10.1080/00085006.1989.11091911</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40869047">40869047</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sirin-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Sirin_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFŞirin2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Şirin, İbrahim (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historystudies.net/dergi/tar201512901a7.pdf">"İki Hükümet Bir Teşkilat: Garbî Trakya Hükümet-i Muvakkatesi'nden Cenub-î Garbî Kafkas Hükümeti Muvakkate- î Milliyesi'ne"</a> [Two Governments One Organisation: From the Provisional Government of Western Thrace to the Provisional Government of South-Western Caucasia] (PDF). History Studies (in Turkish). 6 (2). historystudies.net: 125–142. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9737%2Fhistorys1130">10.9737/historys1130</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1309-4688">1309-4688</a>.</cite> See translated abstract on page 125.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Harvard-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSerhii_Plokhii2022" class="citation web cs1">Serhii Plokhii (27 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huri.harvard.edu/news/serhii-plokhii-casus-belli-did-lenin-create-modern-ukraine">"Casus Belli: Did Lenin Create Modern Ukraine?"</a>. <a href="Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute" title="Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute">Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute</a>. Retrieved 8 July 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rbth-12"><a href="#cite_ref-rbth_12-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYekaterina_Sinelschikova2021" class="citation web cs1">Yekaterina Sinelschikova (3 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/history/334071-ussrs-first-aerowagon-story">"USSR's first AEROWAGON - and the dark story behind it (PHOTOS + VIDEO)"</a>. <a href="RBTH" class="mw-redirect" title="RBTH">RBTH</a>. Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Jowett, Phillip S., Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria, 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England, pp. 7–36.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Jowett, Phillip S., Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria, 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England, pp. 49–57, 88–89.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Jowett, Phillip S., Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria, 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England, pp. 44–47, 85–87.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Jowett, Phillip S., Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan’s Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria, 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England, pp. 63–89.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Friedman, Francine (2004). Bosnia and Herzegovina: a polity on the brink. Routledge. p. 130. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0415274354</bdi>. "...nominally Croatia was ruled by the Italian Duke of Spoleto styled as King"

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/35153/Owen_JD_T_2009.pdf">"Neopatrimonialism and Regime Endurance in Transnistria"</a> (PDF).</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGritten2024" class="citation web cs1">Gritten, David (29 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn5w0ype0vlo">"Syria rebels launch major offensive in north-west and gain territory"</a>. <a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Retrieved 1 December 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-GuardianSNA-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GuardianSNA_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GuardianSNA_68-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcKernanAkoush2020" class="citation web cs1">McKernan, Bethan; Akoush, Hussein (15 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/15/exclusive-2000-syrian-troops-deployed-to-libya-to-support-regime">"Exclusive: 2,000 Syrian fighters deployed to Libya to support government"</a>. <a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 1 December 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-SpiegelSNA-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpiegelSNA_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpiegelSNA_69-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlasaadPerrierPopp2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alasaad, Daham; Perrier, Guillaume; Popp, Maximilian (5 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/bergkarabach-tuerkische-regierung-schickt-gezielt-syrische-soeldner-a-432ebced-23b0-4fdf-a566-ae830f96905d">"Syrische Söldner im Bergkarabach-Konflikt: Erdogans Schattenkrieger"</a>. <a href="Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> (in German). Retrieved 1 December 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDC2024" class="citation web cs1">DC, Arab Center Washington (7 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/fending-for-themselves-the-palestinians-and-the-palestinian-authority/">"Fending for Themselves: The Palestinians and the Palestinian Authority"</a>. Arab Center Washington DC. Retrieved 7 November 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJuneau2016" class="citation news cs1">Juneau, Thomas (16 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/05/16/contrary-to-popular-belief-houthis-arent-iranian-proxies/?outputType=amp">"No, Yemen's Houthis actually aren't Iranian puppets"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 31 January 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrowning2018" class="citation web cs1">Browning, Noah (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511125450/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-uae-security-yemen-somalia/uae-extends-military-reach-in-yemen-and-somalia-idUKKBN1IC12B">"UAE extends military reach in Yemen and Somalia"</a>. reuters.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-uae-security-yemen-somalia/uae-extends-military-reach-in-yemen-and-somalia-idUKKBN1IC12B">the original</a> on 11 May 2018.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Crawford, James (1979). The Creation of States in International Law. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-199-22842-3</bdi></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li>

<li><a href="Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a>

<ul><li><a href="Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_union" title="Political union">Political union</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li>

<li><a href="Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li>

<li><a href="Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a>

<ul><li><a href="Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li>

<li><a href="Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li>

<li><a href="Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Direct rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li>

<li><a href="Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">Mandate</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">Trusteeship</a></li>

<li><a href="Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li>

<li><a href="Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Annexation" title="Annexation">Annexation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></li>

<li><a href="Detachment_(territory)" title="Detachment (territory)">Detachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li>

<li><a href="Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Autonomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous area</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li>

<li><a href="Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li>

<li><a href="Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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